[Justin]

Thanks Ring. I've updated the post with your solutions, although I did use some licence here and there to merge similar problems and to remove superfluous advice (e.g. don't use mods/delete the SET file) since they're stated in the intro. I'm afraid we still don't see eye to eye on the idea of Restore Defaults editing the SET file, but I've given you the benefit of the doubt and left it there as an alternative solution. I will check into this though.

I've contacted the powers that be - a shiny first karma star might well be heading your way.

Thanks again, much appreciated.

[Ring_of_Fire]

QUOTE

Problem #21: During gameplay, the sky constantly flickers and the menu appears messy with horizontal and vertical lines as well as annoying character maps.

Some more things to add:

Alternatively: Uninstall/Reinstall the entire game and then delete the game's main folder (C:\Program Files\Rockstar Games\Vice City). Now delete the [.set] file ('My Documents' folder -> 'GTA Vice City User Files'). Take 2 Support mentioned about some possible files other than the [.set] file in the game's directory that may mess up the textures for the game. So it's usually best to do a fresh installation.

Edit... Alternatively: For nVIDIA cards, go into the Forceware Control Panel and set every DirectX/3D settings to be "Application" as well as "High Performance". For ATi cards, go into the Catalyst Control Centre and set every DirectX/3D settings to be "Application Preference" as well as "High Performance". You might want to play around with the VSync and the Refresh Rate as well, in addition to things like Double/Triple Buffering and Bilinear/Trilinear Filtering. Note: If your graphics card driver doesn't come with a display companion, check these settings in 'dxdiag.exe' (Display tab) or 'Display Properties' in the Control Panel. Also, some of the newer Radeon HD cards and the GeForce 8 series such as the infamous GeForce 8800GTS normally have advanced settings which affects older games. You should keep in mind that you might need to disable those features.

Advice: Uninstall older drivers before installing newer ones. It just might cause conflicts with the older driver and then the graphics hardware renders horrendous graphics called "sky flickering". So for example -- if you had a Radeon and you upgraded it to a GeForce 8 card, uninstall the driver for the Radeon before installing the newest drivers for the GeForce 8. When we say 'update' the drivers, we mean also to uninstall previous drivers especially when different hardware come with totally different drivers, even if they are made from the same Catalyst or ForceWare software.


I'll add more problems if I spot down some more...

QUOTE

Problem #2: Vice City crashes after a certain amount of time, with no obvious catalyst for the crash.

Alternatively: Update drivers: chipset, graphics, sound, CPU. If you want to, you could try flashing you BIOS to a newer revision. After doing all this, uninstall/reinstall the entire game (including mods) + delete the [.set] file.

Advice: Defragment your hard drive, and check for things like Spyware/Viruses.

QUOTE

Problem #7: An Unhandled Exception error occurs.

Advice: Uninstall/Reinstall the game. Also, don't do things like enabling weapon cheatcodes and pressing on the F1 key at the same time.

QUOTE

Problem #8: Mouse sensitivity is all stuffed up.

Alternatively: Uninstall your mouse drivers and use the Windows generic default one. If you don't know how to setup your mouse correctly when using these mouse drivers (e.g. Logitech MouseWare), it may cause problems. Also, make sure you click on 'Restore Defaults' when in Controller Setup. This sets the mouse sensitivity settings back to the defaults -- but you should also make sure that the mouse pointer speed/precision settings are set to the middle in Control Panel as well.

Advice: Clean your mouse. If you have a regular mouse, clean the rollers and the mouse ball. If you have an optical mouse, clean the bottom of it. Please note that if you don't achieve 20-30fps during gameplay, your mouse will also lag.

PC version of Vice City

QUOTE

Problem #15 Vice City runs way too fast. Insanely fast. Walking pedestrians seem to be running by.

Advice: Make sure frame limiter is turned on, particularly if you have a very powerful graphics card. You may want to turn on VSync as well in your display companion (Catalyst/ForceWare).

QUOTE

Problem #25: At the Hyman garage, some doors I open crashes the game to the desktop! Solution: Download LithJoe's trainer and use the Garage Editor to remove the vehicle(s) which belongs to the corrupt garage.

QUOTE

Problem #26: After I had bought the Hyman condo, the helicopter on the upper floor freezes the game. Solution: None. This is probably due to mods, trainer, and cheatcode usage. Start a new game and try buying the condo again.

QUOTE

Problem #27: I get "not enough video memory" when I play Vice City, how do you fix this? Solution: Reinstall your video drivers. Also make sure that in 'Display Properties', your hardware acceleration level is set to 'Full'. Confirm that all DirectX/3D features are enabled in 'dxdiag' as well. Advice: Make sure you have at least 32+MB of VRAM.

QUOTE

Problem #28: I want to be able to uninstall the 1.1 patch, and downgrade it to 1.0. How do I go about doing this? Also, I need to do this because I am unable to connect to the VC-MP servers since I had already installed Patch 1.1 Solution: Get the disc source, and copy the original 'gta-vc.exe' file to your game's main folder. You could also reinstall the game as well.

QUOTE

Problem #29: I am getting a cyclic redundancy error during installation. Solution: None. When that happens... your disc is either dirty, scratched, or damaged. You might need to buy a new one or clean the disc.

QUOTE

Problem #30: I want to uninstall Vice City so that I can perform a fresh installatiion, but the thing is that it is not doing anything. Add/Remove Program freezes. Solution: Reinstall the game via the disc source, and then try see if the uninstaller now works.

PS2 version of Vice City:


Problem #13:
I inserted my Vice City disc into the PS2. I turned it on and I get the PS2 logo, and then nothing shows up!

Solution: Clean the disc.


Problem #14:
During loading where all the main characters show up, Vice City doesn't finish the pink bar, and I cannot even start the game.

Solution: Clean the disc. If this doesn't help, then you have a "deep-black feathery scratch" on it which indicates to you that the disc had been slightly cracked, bended, or fractured. You may need to buy a new one.


Problem #15:
Tommy is on the screen, but I can't move him. I get the message that there's no Dual-Shock controller inserted.

Solution: Plug the controller into the slot properly, and restart after doing this. Also make sure that the controller you are using is a working one and that it is setup correctly. This is assuming you are using a normal PS2 wired controller and no other 3rd-Party ones, especially if they are wireless.


Problem #16:
I am not able to use my analog sticks on my controller to do certain actions.

Solution: Make sure the Analog light indicator is blinking red.


Problem #17:
I failed/died on a mission in the Downtown area, and I spawned at the stadium with all my weapons. This also happens when I get wasted there or get busted. Why don't I spawn to the closest hospital or police station? Note: The effect will not carryover if you save and reload... I do believe if you save, and continue playing, that the effect will still carryover.... it will only happen once-- if you die again you will respawn at the nearest hospital... you can do it again if you do bloodring again... I still think it will show up as you being wasted in your stats though.

Solution: If you fail the Bloodring when you run out of time, you will not actually die in the Bloodring. After you exit the stadium event, then the effect of the dying carries over outside in the Downtown area -- So if you die, you are transported back to the stadium with all your weapons. Also, this glitch may actually change your existing clothes back to street clothes. Thanks to Spuds for this solution! Source

Alternatively: Another reason for this is because the stadium events is just like any ordinary mission. If you get "mission failed", you will not die. As for the stadiums, you can die as well get mission failed. So after dying outside of the stadium events, the death sequence that was supposed to happen at the stadium, will occur in Vice City instead. Try to die, and the game will spawn you in front of Hyman Stadium.

Alternatively: This glitch also happens because of the message "Mission failed". If you were to fail the Bloodring, the game brings this message up in Vice City and a conflict will occur if you try to die since normally when you get mission failed, the game thinks you died as well.

Advice: Make sure that when you are in a stadium, either complete it fully or go directly into the pink marker to allow the game to spawn you properly back to Vice City -- try not to fail it. However, the glitch will not occur if you get wasted as well as mission failed since you died in a stadium which then lessens the "death sequence" conflict when you spawn back to Vice City. This glitch normally can be fixed by saving and reloading. But if that doesn't work, you can clear the memory by exiting Vice City and loading again. Another way as mentioned above is to die 2 times (one for when you were supposed to die in the stadium, and one for Vice City). The only way for this glitch to appear again is if you do one of the stadium events, particularly the Bloodring which seems to be the main contributor.


Problem #18:
Why is that when I get wasted in the stadiums, the game spawns me back to the main entrance with all my guns, and not the hospital? This kind of behavior doesn't occur if I fail or pass it.

Solution: Refer to Problem #17 above. Since you are already inside of the stadium ghostworld, there is a death sequence that happens when you die there and so you are teleported to the stadium instead. The game doesn't know of you dying in Vice City so it justs refreshes the memory and spawns you in front of the stadium like it always would. So when you die in the Bloodring, you don't die -- you just fail the mission and are transported outside the stadium with all your weapons. The reason why is that for all the stadium events, "dying" is another way of "mission failing". And seeing as no one dies when they get mission failed, this causes a conflict and you are brought back to the stadium entrance with all your weapons.


Problem #19:
Something is wrong with the display, controls, and audio. How do I change this? My picture tube is broken and I want to fix this, and I want to be able to change the display that's shown on the screen. The controls are not to my likings, and I have problems controlling Tommy and driving vehicles. Also, the audio seems way too loud/soft for me.

Solution: Click on the 'Start' button and you will see where to go next. Make sure to set all of the settings to their defaults for maximum gameplay experience.


Problem #20:
An error message in Vice City is keep telling me to insert the disc.

Solution: You may have either inserted the wrong one, or there's no disc currently inside. If it's Vice City, then the disc needs cleaning. Try restarting after doing this.


Problem #21:
I did a glitch once to get out of a ghostworld and I saved there. Now I loaded up my game and the ghostworld is still there!

Solution:
Go inside interiors such as PPC, Malibu Club, VCPD, NPM, Rifle Range, Apartment 3c, El Banco Corrupto Grande, Vercetti Estate, Cafe Robina, and Ocean View hotel.


I will eventually run out of problems...

And I am also going to confirm exactly as to how this Downtown area (Hospital/Police Station/Stadium) spawning works. I am awaiting myself the fact and results. I saw that Spuds had a solution, but I think there is another alternative which I might add as well.

This post has been edited by Ring_of_Fire on Monday, Apr 23 2007, 15:30

[Justin]

Thanks (again) Ring.

I've added the PC ones, I'll get around to the PS2 ones tomorrow. Also, I owe you an apology regarding the "Restore Defaults" solution - I thought you were referring to the Windows function rather than Vice City's own. Right you are.

Good work.

[Ring_of_Fire]

I thought I was mixing up in-game "bugs" with in-game "problems" and PC/PS2 troubleshooting, which would then belong to the troubleshooting section. Anyway...

I think you duplicated some existing information which were only to be edited Fuz. It's for the "Sky Flickering" problem.

* I have finally figured out now what was the cause for the spawning glitch at the stadiums.


Note: Hmm... Invisible water and F1-Replay ghostworld glitches at the Stadiums: *Nah*, I am just keeping this as a reference just in case I don't forget!


PC bugfixes:
After intensive searching around the GTAForums' thread deatabase, I found the solution to the Helicopter freezing problem. I will soon post the source.

QUOTE

Problem #29: After I had bought the Hyman condo, the helicopter on the upper floor freezes the game. This also applies for the VCN maverick news chopper. A friend of mine tried this as well on the PS2 version, and the engine didn't sound and there were no animations for the door, but more of a rapidly-shaking screen and a never-ending vibrating controller. Solution: None. This is probably due to mods, trainer, and cheatcode usage. Start a new game and try buying the condo again. Alternatively: There are at times when the garage door opens up when you fly near to it (like in Sunshine Autos), and if it happens to be corrupted, the game freezes. You need to fly somewhere else away from the garage. A solution to this problem was already posted having to do with downloading LithJoe's trainer and removing the vehicle(s) at fault by using the "Garage Editior". Alternatively: Don't buy the Hyman condo too early in the game, especially if there's a trick to get money easily. Advice: Don't fly helicopters when you haven't passed the Phnom Penh '86 mission and the roadblocks aren't removed as yet, especially the helicopter on top of the VCN building or the one above Hyman condo. Also, don't input in any car-related cheats that ain't for use wth a helicopter.

QUOTE

Problem #30: I experience bugs when I try to reverse or decelerate a vehicle, what could I be doing wrong? Also, the max speed for cars is less and the boats go really slow! And the cars that I see on the roads are not usually "sliding" as they used to. Another thing too is that some planes such as the seaplane behind the Film Studio's building refuses to take off. Post / Post #2 Solution: What you are doing wrong is not turning on the frame limiter. Main Menu -> Display Setup -> Frame Limiter. The input devices and the game itself simply cannot keep up with your graphics card's rendering speed.

QUOTE

Problem #31: Well, I have just installed Vice City and the screen is wrong. The screen is too big that I can't see the whole thing. Even the HUDs are all messed up! Source Solution: Try the auto-adjustment feature on your monitor. Also, make sure the correct supported resolution is set up in Windows' Display Properties as well as in Vice City's Display Setup before launching the game.

QUOTE

Problem #32: The sirens do not work at all. The horn works and I try tapping the horn to activate the siren but it does not work. Therefore I am unable to complete the Mr. Whoopee ice cream truck mission because I cannot activate the ice cream tune! Source Solution: Turn on the frame limiter, and remember to tap the horn key quickly. Alternatively: Delete the [.set] file, turn on/off compatibility mode, or restore the controls back to the defaults -> only if you weren't able to use the horn initially at all. Alternatively: Try a different key assignment; it could be that your "horn" key is broken.

QUOTE

Problem #33: I recently installed Vice City, everything works perfect. BUT, if I am inside a car, I don't here the usual gas sounds and engine sounds that I am supposed to here for it -> I can only hear the other cars on the streets. This is really weird, so please help me out! I am using Windows Vista. Source Solution: Especially for onboard solutions like Realtek or the Creative Sound Blaster Audigy/X-Fi series, make sure to update your drivers to the latest as stated a million times before! Alternatively: Turn on frame limiter, and try out compatibility mode. Alternatively: Restart Vice City, or Alt-tab back out and in. Advice: Don't end up downloading a Windows XP driver when you know that you are using Windows Vista (or vice versa). Be sure to as well update the right drivers for your current product model.

QUOTE

Problem #14: After the mission Two Bit Hit for Avery, the Cuban outfit icon is visible in the little store in Little Havana, but is unreachable - there is an invisible wall blocking access to it. Physical Solution: For the PC version of the game, go into Jetpack mode using LithJoe's trainer towards the clothes icon and disable it once you touch it. Physical Solution: For cheat devices such as GC/AR/CB, do the "Walk through Walls" cheat. This solution is assuming you have these devices. Physical Solution: Get into any vehicle and place it towards the clothes icon. Type in the "Faster Gameplay" code twice. Now run alongside the wheels of the car's/bike's front so that you touch the wall simulataneously. You should fall through the map, but change clothes automatically. s00pcan & VCM80

PS2 bugfixes:

QUOTE

Problem #14: Why aren't the pool doors open when I try to do the "Rub Out" Diaz mission? It is stopping me from completing the mission! Source Solution: This happens rarely depending on what you do throughout playing Vice City. A simple solution would be to pilot a helicopter and bring it up onto the top floor of the mansion where another entrance lies. Note that Lance doesn't have to follow you as he eventually spawns next to you (doesn't have to). After you have went inside successfully, kill the guards and kill off Diaz. Alternatively: Do the "Walk through Walls" trick. Once you do, you are able to kill Diaz without getting hurt. BUT not so fast! -> after you have killed him, you must hunt down in this unloaded mansion the EXACT area used to trigger the intermission sequence that you were supposed to go through and had missed earlier before (the upper floor opposite to Diaz). Advice: Avoid using cheatcodes in the future.

I am simply posting the easiest of solution on how to solve each problem. Not the other alternatives I know about, which are the hardest for the "non-glitchers" to accomplish.

QUOTE

Problem #15: I want to be able to see the HUDs and how much cash I got, but the thing is that my picture tube is broken on the top part of the screen. I am not planning to buy a new TV and video capture/tuner card anytime soon, or use my computer's monitor screen. Any ideas? Solution: Adjust the horizontal/vertical screen positions by going into the 'Display' menu, after pressing the Start (Pause) button.

Yep, I am ready for these list of bugs to be posted! Let me see if there are any more.

I've included sources!

This post has been edited by Ring_of_Fire on Tuesday, Jun 12 2007, 13:54

[*sigh*]

I think I may have found a fix for

QUOTE

Problem #23: Bugs occur when accelerating a vehicle - the car scrapes on the ground and is not steady. The problem may only arise periodically. Solution: Exit Vice City fully, and load up your game again. Alternatively: Direct Tommy to an area not nearby any cars or traffic. Now press the Windows key and resume gameplay. Once you enter a vehicle, the bug shouldn't appear. Save your game after doing this. Alternatively: Load up a save file that doesn't have this bug or simply start a new game, and then load up the one that has it. If still no luck, keep exiting and loading your save file until the acceleration bug goes away. Remember to save when this bug is cured. Advice: Although this may not seem to be the natural cause, but don't leave Vice City running in the taskbar for too long. Also, don't do things like pressing the Windows key while you are driving in front of other cars that too have engines.

In an instance when the problem doesn't exist (like after a fresh install at the beginning of the game), exit the game after you've confirmed that the cars are behaving normally, and set both "handling.cfg" and "default.ide" to "read only" (you may or may not need to set "default.ide" to read only, but I'd go ahead and do it anyway since it can't hurt). Once I did this, I never have encountered the problem again. I think the root of the bug is that something is happening in vice city that's causing strange values to be written to the handling file, and then the suggested solutions (loading a save that doesn't have the problem, etc.) are causing the normal values to be re-written, making it work properly. Setting it to read only should keep it from being changed to the weird values.

That's the conclusion I've come up with, but I have but a small grasp on what I'm talking about, so I may be really wrong.

Of course, we'll need to have other people with this problem test the solution, but it seems to be working fine for me.

[Justin]

Updated.

Thanks all.

[james_root]

this is the first time i see this. you did a great job fuzzy ! i wish i would read this 2 years ago

[grahamdodds9]

For the problem on PS2, when the helicopter catches fire, then explode then the game freezes,
you could be using the flying car cheat code, or maybe any other flying codes.

[Xyphy]

QUOTE

....................................... Problem #28: Sirens on applicable vehicles do not work. Solution: Tap the horn key. Tap it. As quickly as possible. This is a serial problem across all consoles, and can always be attributed to the unsuspecting gamer simply not tapping the horn key fast enough. .......................................

Alt Solution: If Limit Frames is on then turn it off. Then try to start the Siren. Makes it doable. My guess is that the timing for turning on the siren is tied into the framerate.

[gtamodder]

QUOTE

Problem #11: Vice City will not run after installation - instead, when clicking the icon to start, the Play CD spins and the pointer icon turns into a spinning-CD symbol, but the game never starts (and the pointer may not go back to normal until restarting Windows).

I have another solution, try deleting the [.set] file located In My Documents\GTA Vice City User Files.

Also i find that this usually happens when you change hardware,

This post has been edited by gtamodder on Thursday, Jan 24 2008, 10:57

[Ceno]

QUOTE

Problem #17 Sounds echo when playing Vice City. This often occurs with all sounds except for the radio. Solution: Update your sound drivers! Yes, this is stated in the above introduction, but is particularly relevant with this problem. Alternatively: Set the compatibility mode of the executable file to 'Windows 98'. Do so by: right-clicking gta-vc.exe (default: C:\Program Files\Rockstar Games\Grand Theft Auto Vice City\gta-vc.exe) -> Properties -> Compatibility tab -> check 'Run this program in compatibility mode for:', and select 'Windows 98 / Windows Me' from the drop-down menu. Apply, OK. And as pictures speak a thousand words, click here. Alternatively: Change your hardware sound acceleration to a different setting. This is achieved through: Start -> Run -> dxdiag, clicking the Sound tab and moving the Hardware Sound Acceleration Level slider to a different position; or by going to Advanced Speaker Settings through Control Panel -> Sounds and Audio Devices. Alternatively: Through Control Panel, disable any volumetric or advanced audio effects that may be enabled in your sound configuration (e.g. environmental audio). Alternatively: For onboard soundcards: Change the speaker configuration in Sound Manager from "Living Room" to "None" (or equivalent); or for Realtek cards, go Control Panel -> Sound Effect Manager -> 3D Audio Demo, and change the Sound from "Loopy Music" to "Buzzing Bee". See this thread for more information regarding onboard and Realtek sound cards.

I have a realtek ac 97' on board sound and I've tried every one of these fixes and still can't get rid of the echo problem. The only one I was unable to try was the loopy music to buzzing bee thing as I do not have any 3d audio demo tab in my sound effect manager within the realtek sound properties. I've downloaded the latest sound drivers. (WDM_A404). I'm not sure what else do to. The echo thing is really annoying to the point that it interferes with the enjoyment of the game. If anyone can link me a set of drivers for the ac97 that contain this 3D Audio Demo part or can suggest other things to try that would fix the echo problem I would be greatly appreciated.

[crazymodder]

QUOTE

Problem #29: I am getting a cyclic redundancy error during installation. Solution: None. When that happens... your disc is either dirty, scratched, or damaged. You might need to buy a new one or clean the disc.

another or alternative way to fix this problem.

QUOTE

Problem: I am getting a cyclic redundancy error or other errors during installation. Description: The file inside the CD is corrupted. You need to alternatively install the game. How to alternatively install the game? Choose between Ultra ISO or Power ISO. Insert you GTA Vice City CD1 and then make a CD image of it. After its completed, (If you want full installation, you need to tick the GTA Vice City Radio Station box.) mount the CD1 and then run the installation. During installation, windows will pop up a CRC32 error. Ignore that. Click 'Ignore' and continue your installation. Your installation of the game is completed and try play the game. If there are early crashes within the game, try changing the compatibility. If its still crashing, I have no ideas. You need to buy a new CD.

[hawkeyefile]

My problem is unique most likely, however randomly the game won't load the next map (like when exiting out of the safe house), it'll have the area name in the lower right hand corner and the game will freeze on a black screen, when I had task manger loaded it said not responding.

[kamuran]

Can someone help me?
When I load a save game, I get a black screen.
It just goes pure black.
I heard of the "Black screen of death"
I don't mod.
After about a half hour It finally opens.
Can someone help me?

My requirements are.............

Windows XP Professional Service Pack 2 (SP2)(Upgrading to SP3)

Processor: Intel® Pentium® 4 CPU 3.40GHz (2 CPUs)

Memory: 2 GB RAM

DirectX 9.0c

Sound card: Sound Max Digital Audio
______________________________________________________

Do you know any other ways to fix my problem?

[zeldafan123]

ok one other problem is that when you do the demolishion man mission on pc and u try to go to the top fun van and u get in it explains the rules and then the helicopter spawns upside down and u cant turn it around and it sucks because there is no skip lvl cheat for vice city on pc can u plz help just pm me or something

[Diablow]

QUOTE (kamuran @ Feb 20 2009, 04:46)

Can someone help me? When I load a save game, I get a black screen. It just goes pure black. I heard of the "Black screen of death" I don't mod. After about a half hour It finally opens. Can someone help me? My requirements are............. Windows XP Professional Service Pack 2 (SP2)(Upgrading to SP3) Processor: Intel® Pentium® 4 CPU 3.40GHz (2 CPUs) Memory: 2 GB RAM DirectX 9.0c Sound card: Sound Max Digital Audio ______________________________________________________ Do you know any other ways to fix my problem?

Got the same problem on Win7 Ult x64.

I got a older save after the tookout of Diaz which loads perfectly.

My current 2 saves get me a blackscreen and minutes of waiting.after 20 tries it works after a couple of seconds.

also occurs after mission movies when tommy spawns or in the cuban mission when rico drops tommy off the boat.

[psx123]

unhandled exception occurs when running gta vice city

[Spuds725]

This thread is NOT for asking for help with problems... only for known fixes for existing problems.

Please check the pinned thread read this before posting a help thread--- it lists the required GENERAL info needed to assess your problem... will save helpers from having to ask basic questions before getting to the meat of your problem...

Besides the problem you should be listing OS, memory, history (did game work before), mods installed if applicable, etc....

Once again.. do NOT post it in this thread

Thanks...

[amitsinghmiet]

I had problem 15 and I must thank Justin that the solution was spot on. Perfect

[Dipto]

QUOTE (Cyc2u @ Wednesday, Apr 4 2007, 03:21)

QUOTE Problem #5 Not all my weapons are spawning at the Hyman Condo. This problem is only on PS2 (as far as I know). Confirmed. It happens on the PC as well. No minigun or rocket launcher at Hymans after collecting 74 packages. I bought it when i had 41. The sniper rifle spawned at 50, but not the others. I loaded a previous save and collected 71, bought Hymans and all was OK. No cheats used on any saves and I have no mods loaded.

I had some money,then i bought hyman 'n face the problem.Only armor was aviable,bcaz i had only 18 p.